Pathways Research:
Click on the tabs below to read a bit about each of the published studies that have been completed on Pathways to date. Each tab includes a link to the actual paper or to a summary of the paper.
Type of Research: Pilot Study, Multiple Baseline
Journal: Autism
Paper: A community-based early intervention program for toddlers with autism spectrum disorders
Findings (Results): This study examined Pathways Early Autism Intervention, a community-based, parent-mediated, intensive behavioral and developmental intervention program for children with autism spectrum disorders that could be used as a model for state-funded early intervention programs. Four toddlers received general developmental ECI services, prior to the study, that focused on verbal communication outcomes, such as labeling and requesting. The toddlers were not progressing in the areas of social communication skills, which are core deficits of ASD. The Pathways Parent Training Program was shown to be effective for the measures of eye contact, social engagement, and verbal reciprocity. Parents perceived the intervention as beneficial and easy to learn and incorporate into daily life.
Type of Research: Case Study
Journal: Topics in Language Disorders
Paper: Words are Not Enough: Providing the Context for Social Communication and Interaction
Findings (Results): Described are the early developmental social communication skills of shared attention and intention that children develop before they start to develop words. These are the very skills that children with or suspected of autism lack due to their unique brain development. Without these early social skills many children with autism may go on to develop words, but not true social understanding and communication. These children may be able to name and request but not be able to effectively engage and interact with the people in their world.
Rather than focusing on the development of words, the Pathways Parent Training Program targets the precursor social cognitive skills of face-to-face reciprocal social interaction and eye contact. Results of this case study showed a marked increase in social engagement and vocal/verbal reciprocity—words within social interactions and social games significantly increased. In addition, eye-tracking data revealed that eye contact increased dramatically.
Type of Research: Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal: Journal of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology
Paper: Mini-Review Pathways Early Intervention Program for Toddlers with Autism
Findings (Results): Early identification and intervention that focus on the core social deficits of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are imperative for these children to be able to reach their optimal potential. This report examines the Pathways Early Autism Intervention (Pathways), a translational parent mediated, naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI) for toddlers with ASD. Pathways fits the service delivery model and principles of Texas’ state-funded Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) programs is compatible with ECI programs. Pathways was found to be more effective than traditional ECI programs in improving early foundational social communication skills and in reducing parental stress in culturally and economically diverse toddlers with ASD. Pathways shows promise as an effective focused NDBI and has the potential of being implemented within publicly funded ECI programs.
Type of Research: Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal: Revista de Logopedia, Foneatría y Audiologia
Findings (Results): Data from a 12-week randomized control trial of the Pathways Early Autism Intervention were analyzed. Pathways provides coaching to parents to facilitate early development of pragmatic skills for shared emotions with their toddlers. The Pathways group, with its protocol for social eye gaze, was more effective at facilitating the shared emotion skills than the other two groups, suggesting that eye gaze may be a pivotal skill for the development of early pragmatic skills in children with ASD.
Although there is no cure for ASD, large and significant effects of the Pathways Early Autism Intervention on the early social pragmatic milestones that comprise the phase of shared emotions. Parents perceived that Pathways made positive changes in their children and their families. Pathways provides the intensity of services necessary for change in toddlers with ASD while simultaneously utilizing a U.S. state and federally funded compatible service delivery model for children under 3 years of age.
Type of Research: Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Findings (Results): This study found Pathways parents experienced decreased stress, while Treatment a Usual (TAU) parents experienced an increase. Pathways parents became more responsive, but responsivity was not influenced by initial parental stress. In contrast, responsivity was negatively affected by initial parenting stress in the TAU group. Results are discussed in terms of components of a parent-mediated intervention that may reduce parental stress.
Type of Research: Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Findings (Results): This study examined the efficacy of an early autism intervention for use in early childhood intervention (ECI) and mutual gaze as a contributor to social development. The Pathways group made significantly more change on social measures, communicative synchrony, and adaptive functioning compared with the SAU group and on social measures compared with the communication group. The results support Pathways as a potential ECI program and mutual gaze as an active ingredient for social and communication development.
Type of Research: Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Findings (Results): This study reexamined the efficacy of Pathways early autism intervention using generalized measures of social communication and language skills administered by an unfamiliar adult in a novel environment. Pathways had a significantly large effect for children under age 3 and a small effect that approached significance for children over age 3. Results replicate previous findings of the efficacy of Pathways on proximal and distal skills and support the importance of early intervention.
Type of Research: Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Findings (Results): A review of Pathways’ current practices through the lens of the ecologically valid (EV) framework suggested that Pathways was a culturally and linguistically sensitive intervention CLSI for Hispanic participants in the domains of context, methods, language, and persons. Parental interviews echoed these strengths.
Dr. Rollins and the Pathways Research...
Research is based on the scientific method, which outlines set procedures and protocols that all researchers use so that findings may be uniformly interpreted. Since 2015, Dr. Pamela Rollins from the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas has received up to 4 million dollars from Innovative Research Grants from the State of Texas to study the Pathways Program.
Other than the first pilot study, and 1 case study, each research study has been a Randomized Controlled Trial (RTC) which is the gold standard of research design. This means that each participant family is placed in a group, and the results are compared to rule out other events that could have caused the changes we see in toddler with or suspected of Autism. The results of the study are then written up and presented to scientific journals where a team of peers scrutinized the study and the findings to make sure the findings are valid and have merit.
It is important that parents and practitioners understand that the research process is rigorous and lengthy. There are many hurdles along the way in being able say that a particular method, program, or protocol actually does what the authors state it does.
The Pathways Parent Training Program is evidence based according to this independent research. Nine papers are published in peer reviewed journals such as the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, outlining the effectiveness of Pathways in answering well thought out and systematic research questions such as:
Is Pathways effective for toddlers ages 18-months to 36-months?
Is the Pathways innovative protocol the “active ingredient” for the success?
Is Pathways effective for ages 12-months through age 5?
Can IDEA Part C ECI personnel effectively implement the Pathways Program?
Does the Pathways Program lower parent stress?
Is Pathways culturally sound for the Hispanic culture?
The answer to all of these questions is YES !
